Literature

WT Grant Foundation

Mixed Methods Resource Site

Mixed Methods Literature

Feel free to browse or click a heading to search by section (links either open pdf copy--where available or connect to publisher URL):

Analysis
Coding
Design
Epistemology
Ethnography
Interviewing
Mixed Methods Introduction
Mixed Methods Exemplars
Sampling
Qualitative Data Analysis Technology Software and Solutions

Analysis

Bazeley, Patricia (2009)
Integrating data analysis in mixed methods research
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(3), 203-207
Description: Encourages a thinking about mixed methods work based on a qualitative-quantitative continuum. Focuses primarily on strategy for mixed methods data analysis at various stages of the process rather than just integration at the end. Discusses the use of computer solutions to assist in the process.
Key Words: mixed methods, analysis, CAQDAS, computer solutions

Bernard, H. Russell & Ryan, Gery W. (1998)
Text Analysis: Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
In H. Russell Bernard (Ed.) Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, pp. 595-646. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press
Description: Complete presentation and discussion of steps and strategies for analyzing text from a variety of qualitative research orientations
Keywords: qualitative, grounded theory, content analysis, analysis

Bryman, A. (2007)
Barriers to integrating quantitative and qualitative research
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1): 8-22
Description: Challenges to integrating mixed methods data and strategy for writing mixed methods research articles
Keywords: mixed methods, analysis, writing

Caulkins, Douglas & Hyatt, Susan B. (1999)
Using Consensus Analysis to Measure Cultural Diversity in Organizations and Social Movements.
Field Methods, 11(1): 55-26
Description: Introduces consensus analysis as useful technique for analyzing structured interview data and producing results that: a) measure the degree of agreement amont informants, b) identify "culturally correct" information, and c) assign scores for each informant on how knowledgeble they are with respect to the "correct" response.
Keywords: culture, socio-cultural environment, analysis

Garson, G. David (2008)
Logistic Regression
www2.chass.ncsu.edu/garson?PA765/logistic.htm,
Description: Overview and how-to guide for specifying and interpreting the results of logistic regression analysis.
Keywords: analysis

Guest, Greg & McLellan, Eleanor (2003)
Distinguishing the Trees from the Forest: Applying Cluster Analysis to Thematic Qualitative Data
Field Methods, 15(2): 186-201
Description: Introduces and Illustrates the use of cluster analysis in aiding the analysis of large qualitative data sets through a hierarchical technique that can be applied in a multistage thematic analysis.
Keywords: qualitative methods, cluster analysis, thematic, analysis

Handwerker, W. Penn & Borgatti, Stephen P. (1998)
Reasoning with numbers
In H. R. Bernard (Ed.), Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, pp. 549-593.
Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Description: Presents a comprehensive set of techniques for representing the world through numbers and argues that there are many things to be missed when neglecting these approaches. With a focus on “answering research questions,” the authors weave this presentation into a discussion of perspective and methodological decisions from various fields. Finishes with specific illustrations for many techniques and how the particular approach can move your research forward.
Key Words: Culture, quantitative, methods, analysis, presentation, analytic strategy

Leonard-Barton, Dorothy (1990)
A dual methodology for case studies: Synergistic use of a longitudinal single site with replication multiple sites
Organizational Science, 1(3), 248-266.
Description: Describes a case study methodology that combines real-time longitudinal with nine retrospective case studies on same phenomenon. Discusses complementary and synergistic nature of data and analysis strategy. Argues that the combination of these types enhances construct, internal and external validity and discusses appropriate application of the approach.
Keywords: methods, design, longitudinal, case study, qualitative

Lieber, Eli (2009)
Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Insights into Design and Analysis Issues
Journal of Ethnographic and Qualitative Research, 3: 218-227
Description: Discusses issues of design, sampling, and analysis in mixed methods research. Offers a model for conceptualizing a fully integrated design. Proposes and illustrates strategies for managing and dynamically integrating the qual and quant data to allow for efficient and multi-directional analysis.
Keywords: design, sampling, mixed methods, analysis, presentation.

Lieber, Eli, Weisner, Thomas S., & Presley, Matthew (2003)
EthnoNotes: An Internet-based fieldnote management tool
Field Methods, 15(4): 405-425
Description: Introduces and describes the EthnoNotes system for managing, coding, analyzing, and presenting the results of mixed methods research
Keywords: mixed methods, coding, analysis, presentation

MacQueen, Kathleen M. & Milstein, Bobby (1999)
A Systems Approach to Qualitative Data Management and Analysis
Field Methods, 11(1): 27-39
Description: Introduces and illustrates a systematic approach to qualitative data management from a database architecture perspective. Discusses four main types of information collected in qualitative research: information about primary sources, information from primary sources, secondary information generated by coders, and information about the coders and how quantitative approaches can be used to evaluate qualitative analysis.
Keywords: mixed methods, database, interrater reliability, qualitative, analysis

Moret, Margriet, Reuzel, Rob, Van Der Wilt, Gert J. & Grin, John (2007)
Validity and Reliability of Qualitative Data Analysis: Interobserver Agreement in Reconstructing Interpretative Frames
Field Methods, 19(1): 24-39
Description: Assessed interobserver reliability in the use of reconstructing interpretative frames techniques as an indicator of its rigor.
Keywords: qualitative analysis, reliability, validity, interobserver agreement

Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. & Dickinson, W. B. (2008)
Mixed methods analysis and information visualization: Graphical display for effective communication of research results
The Qualitative Report, 13(2), 204-225
Description: Introduces a range of graphical methods that can be used to present mixed methods research results. Presents a taxonomy for the presentation of results in general (quan or qual) and then strategy for integrating qual-quant results in same framework.
Key Words: graphics, graphical display, presentation of results, mixed methods data display, data visualization

Pearce, L. D. (2002)
Integrating Survey and Ethnographic Methods for Systematic
Anomalous Case Analysis
Sociological Methodology, 32(1): 103-132
Description: How the salience of research findings can be enhanced by combining survey and ethnographic methods to draw insight from anomalous cases.
Keywords: mixed methods, sampling, analysis

Ryan, Gery, & Weisner, Thomas S. (1998)
Content analysis of words in brief descriptions: How mothers and fathers describe their children
Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira, In V. de Munck and E. Sobo (Eds.), Using methods in the field. A practical introduction and casebook, pp. 57-68
Description: Content analysis of parent descriptions of their children toward understanding parental perceptions and attitudes regarding their adolescent children
Keywords: analysis, design

Romney, A. Kimball (1999)
Cultural consensus as a statistical model
Current Anthropology, 40 (Supplement), S103-S115.
Description: Discusses history, theory, and strategy for the use of statistical models in the discovery of cultural consensus. Introduces issues related to data collection strategy and the use of empirical data to identify and represent cultural characteristics.
Key Words: culture, qualitative, quantitative, statistical, analysis

Seidel, John V. (1998)
Qualitative Data Analysis
Qualis Research,
Description: Introduction to and discussion of text analysis
Keywords: analysis, coding

Weller, Susan C. (2007)
Cultural Consensus Theory: Applications and Frequently Asked Questions
Field Methods, 19(4): 339-368
Description: Use of consensus theory to estimate culturally appropriate or "correct" answers to questions and assess individual differences in cultural knowledge. Describes the assumptions, appropriate interview materials, and analytic procedures fro carrying out a consensus analysis.
Keywords: cultural consensus, analysis, measurement of beliefs, reliability

Weller, Susan C. (2007)
Cultural Consensus Theory: Applications and Frequently Asked Questions
Field Methods, 19(4): 339-368
Description: Introduces how consensus theory can be used to estimate culturally appropriate/correct answers when answers are unknown regarding the variation in cultural knowledge. Describes the assumptions, interview materials, and analytic procedures for conducting a consensus analysis and discusses the challenges that may arise when implementing this approach.
Key Words: cultural consensus, analysis, methods, measurement

Coding

Coffey, Paul A., & Atkinson, Amanda J. (1996)
Making Sense of Qualitative Data. (chs. 2-4 for coding)
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Description: Describes and illustrates a number of key, complementary approaches to qualitative data and offers practical advice on the many ways to analyze data. Practical and straightforward, with special attention paid to the possibilities in computer-aided analysis. A resource to students and professionals in qualitative and research methods, sociology, anthropology, communication, management, and educations for inter-rater reliability and its use in coding validity
Keywords: analysis, coding, reliability

Guggenmoos-Holzmann, Irene (1996)
The meaning of Kappa: Probabilistic concepts of reliability and validity revisited
Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49(7): 775-782
Description: Discusses issues and calculations for inter-rater reliability and its use in coding validity
Keywords: analysis, coding, reliability

House, Alvin E., House, Betty J., & Campbell, Martha B. (1981)
Measures of interobserver agreement: Calculation formulas and distribution effects
Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 3(1): 37-57
Description: Discusses issues, types, and calculations for inter-rater reliability
Keywords: analysis, coding, reliability

Kurasaki, Karen S. (2000)
Intercoder reliability for validating conclusions drawn from open-ended interview data
Field Methods, 12(3): 179-194
Description: Discusses procedures for developing and assessing intercoder reliability with free-flowing text.
Keywords: analysis, coding, code systems

Hruschka, D. J., Schwartz, D., St. John, D. C., Picone-Decaro, E., Jenkins, R. A., & Carey, J. W. (2004)
Reliability in coding open-ended data: Lessons learned from HIV behavioral research
Field Methods, 16(3): 307-331
Description: Great discussion and illustration of issues and strategy for establishing reliability in inter-rater coding
Keywords: coding, analysis, reliability

MacQueen, Kathleen M., McLellan, Eleanor, Kay, Kelly, & Milstein Bobby (1998)
Codebook development for team-based qualitative analysis
Cultural Anthropology Methods, 10(2): 31-36
Description: Systematic code book development for qualitative data in a team-based context. Discusses codebook structure, the refining process, and offers practical suggestions.
Keywords: coding, teamwork, code systems.

Marshall, Catherine, & Rossman, Gretchen B. (2006)
Designing Qualitative Research. 4th Edition. (Ch. 5-Coding)
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Description: Discusses critical traditions withing qualitative inquiry, conceptualizations of researchers' roles, and possibilities for more collaborative ways of doing qualitative research.
Keywords: coding, teamwork, design.

Mitchell, Sandra K. (1979)
Interobserver agreement, reliability, and generalizability of data collected in observational studies
Psychological Bulletin, 86(2): 376-390
Description: Discusses reliability and generalizability in terms of coefficients that reflect the "quality" of data, what defines quality data, and how reports of agreement are insufficient.
Keywords: coding, reliability, generalizability.

Ryan, Gery

W., & Bernard, H. Russell (2003)
Techniques to Identify Themes
Field Methods, 15(1): 85-109
Description: Wonderful guide to describing and identifying themes in qualitative research
Keywords: coding, analysis, reliability

Silverman, David (2005)
Developing data analysis.
In D. Silverman, Doing Qualitative Research, 2nd Edition (pp. 171-187).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Description: (for entire book) Provides a step-by-step guide to all the questions students ask when beginning their first research project. Silverman demonstrates how to learn the craft of qualitative research by applying knowledge about different methods to actual data. He provides practical advice on key issues such as defining ‘originality’ and narrowing down a topic, keeping a research diary and writing a research report, and presenting research to different audiences.
Keywords: coding, analysis, presentation, reliability

Design

Creswell, John W. (2009)
Mapping the field of mixed methods research
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 3(2), 95-108
Description: Terrific survey of what’s happening in the mixed methods literature and mixed methods field. Discusses a range of topics raised at the 2008 Mixed Methods Conference and provides a “Map” of these topics broken out across 5 domains: philosophical/theoretical, techniques, nature of mixed methods, the adoption and use of mixed methods, and the politicization of mixed methods. Concludes with a discussion of incorporating mixed methods into other designs, paradigms, general design issues, and advocacy through extramural funding.
Key Words: mixed methods, design, methods, funding

Creswell, John W. (1994)
A framework for the study
In J. W. Creswell, Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, pp. 1-19.
Description: Straightforward practical discussion about thinking about and planning qualitative or quantitative research. How to determine which paradigm to work from and the rationale for particular choices.
Key Words: qualitative, quantitative, method design, introductory

Creswell, John W., Plano Clark, Vicki L., Gutmann, Michelle L., & Hanson, William E. (2002)
Advanced mixed methods research design
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication, In A. Tahakkori and C. Teddlie (Eds), Handbook of Mixed Methods Research Designs, pp. 209-239
Description: Describes variety of mixed methods research designs and associated analytical issues
Keywords: design, mixed methods, analysis

Dellinger, Amy B. & Leech, Nancy L. (2007)
Toward a unified validation framework in mixed methods research
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(4), 309-332
Description: Offers a validation framework to guide thinking about validation in mixed methods work. An orientation from both qualitative and quantitative perspectives is used to set the foundation for discussing and thinking about validation issues.
Key Words: validity, mixed methods, research methods, design, measurement, construct validation

Ercikan, Kadriye & Roth, Wolff-Michael (2006)
What good is polarizing research into qualitative and quantitative?
Educational Researcher, 352(5), 12-23
Description: The authors argue against a polarization between qualitative and quantitative methods and the associated polarization between “subjective” and “objective” evidence. In doing so, they encourage an understanding of the meaninglessness of such a distinction and the value of taking a more integrated approach. Finally, they map a more “continuous” perspective to addressing the needs of a particular research question and the study design and methodological decisions that follow.
Key Words: design, qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods, paradigm, inference

Grissmer, D. W., Subotnik, R. F., & Orland, M. (2008)
A Guide to the Use of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in Assessing Intervention Effects: The Promise of Multiple Methods [Brochure]
American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.
Description: Presents a schematic illustration of issues and rationale in whether and how to address policy and research questions via multiple method research design.
Keywords: design, mixed methods, randomized controlled trials, validity, analysis

Ivankova, Nataliya V., Creswell, John W., & Stick, Sheldon L. (2006)
Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory design: From theory to practice
Field Methods, 18(1): 3-20
Description: Discusses procedural issues related to mixed-methods in a sequential (quant then qual) design. Addresses issues of priority, implementation, and mixing in the design and offers practical guidance.
Keywords: design, mixed methods, analysis.

Niglas, Katrin (1999)
Quantitative and Qualitative Inquiry in Educational Research: Is there a paradigmatic difference between them?
Paper presented at the European Conference on Educational Research, Lahti, Finland, September 22-25.
Description: Discusses the distinctions between qualitative and quantitative methodological approaches in educational research. Seeks to compare and contrast the characteristics and assumptions of these approaches toward dispelling the notion of paradigm ‘wars’ and in the interest of improving the quality of research in education.
Key Words: qualitative, quantitative, methods, design, sampling, analysis

Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. & Collins, K. M. T. (2007)
A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research
The Qualitative Report, 12(2), 281-316
Description: Introduces a framework for developing sampling designs in mixed methods research. Discusses sample frames, recommended sample sizes, a typology for classification of strategies, guidance for sampling decisions, and issues related to how sampling decisions impact generalization.
Key Words: sampling design, sample size, qualitative research, validity, generalization

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Witcher, A. E., Collins, K. M. T., Filer, J. D., Wiedmaier, C. D., & Moore, C. W. (2007)
Students' Perceptions of Characteristics of Effective College Teachers: A Validity Study of a Teaching Evaluation Form Using a Mixed Methods Analysis
American Educational Research Journal, 44(1): 113-160
Description: Multistage mixed-methods analysis assessing content and construct validity of a teaching evaluation form based on student's perceptions.
Keywords: mixed methods, analysis, design

Patton, Michael Quinn (2001)
Designing Qualitative Studies
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, In Michael Quinn Patton, Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods, 3rd edition, pp.209-257
Description: Practical guide to study design with good attention to taxonomy of research approaches by purpose and sampling issues
Keywords: design, sampling

Tashakkori, Abbas & Teddlie, Charles (1998)
Research design issues for mixed method and mixed model studies
In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie, Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, pp. 40-58. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Description: Discusses the concept of triangulation from various perspectives and the variety of approaches to implementing mixed methods research. Builds on Patton’s (1990) discussion of ‘mixed form’ design to a broader model in order to develop a taxonomy for distinguishing various mixed method designs and approaches.
Key Words: qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods, design

Yoshikawa, H., Weisner, T. S., Kalil, A., & Way, N. (2008)
Mixing qualitative and quantitative research in developmental science: Uses and methodological choices
Developmental Psychology, 44(2): 344-354
Description: Describes and discusses choices for using mixed methods from a practical perspective and discusses common pitfalls and how to aviod them..
Keywords: mixed methods, design, analysis, sampling

Epistemology

Bryman, Alan (2006)
Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: How is it done?
Qualitative Research, 6(1), 97-113.
Description: Draws on a content analysis of methods and design from 232 articles using combined methods. Examine and discusses the rationales provide for employing mixed-methods and whether they correspond to actual practice.
Keywords: qualitative research, quantitative research, mixed-methods, typologies

Hesse-Biber, Sharlene (2004)
Unleashing Frankenstein’s Monster? The use of computers in qualitative research.
In H. R. Bernard (Ed.), Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, pp. 549-593.
In S. N. Hesse-Biber and P. Leavy (Eds.), Approaches to Qualitative Research: A Reader on Theory and Practice, pp. 535-545. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Description: Presents and discusses issues and controversy related to the use of computers in qualitative research. What are the benefits and trade-offs when working from a variety of perspectives.
Keywords: qualitative, CAQDAS, computer software, computer solution

Johnson, R. Burke, Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J., & Turner, Lisa A. (2007)
Toward a definition of mixed methods research
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(2), 112-133
Description: Examines the definition of the emerging mixed methods research field. Surveyed major authors in the mixed method literature with regard to definition for the field and key issues that need to be addressed as the field advances. Results show a consensus of mixed methods as an emerging ‘research paradigm’ and a breadth of opinion around definition for the field.
Key Words: mixed methods, paradigm, pragmatism

Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004)
Mixed methods research: A research paradign whose time has com
Educational Researcher, 33(7): 14-26
Description: Positions mixed methods as natural complement to traditional qual and quant research, to present pragmatism as attractive philosophical for mixed methods research, and provide framework for designing and conducting mixed methods research
Keywords: mixed methods, design, epistemology

McCall, George J. (1984)
Systematic field observation
Annual Review of Sociology, 10: 263-282
Description: Discusses the history and types of field observation methods from a sociological perspective. Offers a role-expectations view of observation systems requiring a reconceptualization of system development and the nature, sources, and management of error. Keywords: methods, observation, analysisdesign, epistemology

Morgan, D. L. (2007)
Paradigms lost and pragmatism regained: Methodological implications of combining qualitative and quantitative methods
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1): 48-76
Description: Background on the emergence of mixed method research approaches and suggestions for guiding paradigm shift toward 'pragmatic' approaches in social science research
Keywords: epistemology, pragmatism

Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J. & Leech, Nancy L. (2009)
Lessons learned for teaching mixed research: A framework for novice researchers
International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches, 3(1), 105-107.
Description: A concise description of key steps in the mixed research process. The authors further map this process onto issues/controversies in the use of mixed methods research and the challenges mixed methods researchers face.
Key Words: mixed methods, implementation, validity, rigor

Ragin, Charles C., Nagel, Joane, & White, Patricia (2004)
Scientific Foundations of Qualitiative Research
National Science Foundation Report
Description: Report generated by a NSF workshop on qualitative research methods. Two main sections: 1) provide a general guidance for developing qualitative research project and 2) recommendations for strengthening qualitative research
Keywords: qualitative, methods, design, analysis

Sieber, Sam (1973)
The integration of fieldwork and survey methods
American Journal of Sociology, 78(6): 1335-1359
Description: Describes history and rationale for integrating fieldwork and survey methods and the nature of how traditional approaches will need to be adapted for practical applications
Keywords: mixed methods, design, analysis

Tashakkori, Abbas & Teddlie, Charles (1998)
Pragmatism and the choice of research strategy
In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie, Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, pp. 3-19. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Description: Introduces and traces the history of the methodological paradigm wars and brings readers up to the state of affairs (albeit, 1998). Discuss the ‘warring’ positions and the evolution of thinking regarding pragmatism and the development of mixed methods approaches to social science research.
Key Words: qualitative, quantitative, paradigm wars, evolution, pragmatism, mixed methods

Tashakkori, Abbas & Teddlie, Charles (1998)
Introduction to mixed method and mixed model studies in the social and behavioral sciences: Paradigm wars and mixed methodologies.
In A. Tashakkori & C. Teddlie, Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, pp. 20-39. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Description: Encourages a focus on the research question as a guide to deciding on methods to apply in a particular study and comfort in cross the boundaries between pure interpretations of particular paradigmatic characteristics. Describes the nature and limitation of various mono-methods. Suggests that incorporating a pragmatic approach with a variety of appropriate methods helps gain a broader and more comprehensive perspective on the research question.
Key Words: qualitative, quantitative, mono-methods, pragmatism, mixed methods

Ethnography

Weisner, T. S., & Bernheimer, L. P. (1998)
Children of the 1960s at midlife: Generational identity and the family adaptive project
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, In R. Shweder (Ed.), Welcome to middle age! and Other Cultural Fictions, pp. 211-257
Description: Using ethnographic methods, describes the midlife experiences of a counter-culture population
Keywords: ethnography, analysis

Weisner, T. S., Gallimore, R., & Tharp, R. (1982)
Concordance between ethnographer and folk perspectives: Observed performance and self-ascription of sibling caretaking roles
Human Organization, 41(3): 237-244
Description: Compares observer to cultural member view of roles in caretaking
Keywords: ethnography, analysis, reliability, validity

Weisner, T. S., Gallimore, R., & Jordan, C. (1988)
Unpackaging cultural effects on classroom learning: Hawaiian peer assistance and child-generated activity
Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 19: 327-353
Description: Observational and interview study of sibling caretaking and peer assistance in Native Hawaiian contexts to illustrate the appropriate comparative analysis of natal and school activity settings.
Keywords: ethnography, mixed methods, analysis

Weisner, Thomas S. (1996)
Why ethnography should be the most important method in the study of human development
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, In Jessor, R., Colby, A., and Shweder, R., (Eds.). Ethnography and human development. Context and meaning in social inquiry, pp. 305-324
Description: Describes the ethnographic method and its many varieties. Illustrates and argues for the value of ethnography and its complementary relations to other methods
Keywords: ethnography, mixed methods,

Interviewing

Cappello, Marva (2005)
Photo Interviews: Eliciting Data through Conversations with Children
Field Methods, 17(2): 170-182
Description: Describes the use of photo interviewing as strategy for eliciting information from children who often have preconceived ideas about how to interact with adults and avoid pressures of school setting as interview context.
Keywords: photography, literacy, education, design, interviewing

Morgan, David L. (2004)
Focus Groups
In S. N. Hesse-Biber and P. Leavy (Eds.), Approaches to Qualitative Research: A Reader on Theory and Practice, pp. 263-285. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
Description: Written a long-time authority on focus group, presents a brief history of focus group application up to, and including, information on the variety of current uses across many disciplines. Great section on the uses of focus groups in combination with other methods with a full compare/contrast discussion. Finally, goes into the specifics on ‘how to’ plan and conduct effective group data collection.
Key Words: focus groups, mixed methods, qualitative, design, sociological

Patton, Michael Quinn (1980)
Qualitative Interviewing
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, In Michael Quinn Patton, Qualitative Evaluation Methods, pp. 195-263
Description: Practical guide and discussion of issues related to interview design and interviewing strategy
Keywords: design, interviewing

Mixed Methods Introduction

Bergman, M. M (2008)
Advances in mixed methods research
London: Sage
Description: Chapters cover several specialized, but important, areas of mixed methods research
Keywords: mixed methods

Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2007)
Designing and conducting mixed methods research
Thousand Oaks: Sage
Description: "How to" approach to mixed methods research. Designed for a full course on mixed methods research
Keywords: mixed methods

Greene, J. C. (2007)
Mixed methods in social inquiry
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
Description: Comprehensive overview of mixed methods research. History and philosophy are especially well represented, as well as the important perspective of program evaluation
Keywords: mixed methods

Plano Clark, V. L., & Creswell, J. W. (2008)
The mixed methods reader
Los Angeles: Sage
Description: Collection of "classic" publications on mixed methods research
Keywords: mixed methods

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (2003)
Handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research
Thousand Oaks: Sage
Description: The ideas of the most prolific and promising writers in mixed methods research. The standard reference work on mixed methods research
Keywords: mixed methods

Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009)
Foundations of mixed methods research: Integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences
Los Angeles: Sage
Description: Excellent textbook written to be the primary text for a course on mixed methods research
Keywords: mixed methods

Journal of Mixed Methods Research
Sage Publications
Description: Recently established journal that focuses on empirical, methodological, and theoretical articles about mixed methods research across the social, behavioral, health, and human sciences
Keywords: mixed methods

International Journal of Multiple Research Approaches
eContent
Description: Publication of global research, scholarship, educational, researcher and practitioner perspectives on multiple, hybrid (outcome of unusual blending), synergistic (combined effect), integrated and cultural research approaches
Keywords: mixed methods

Mixed Methods Exemplars

Bernheimer, L., Weisner, T.S., & Lowe, E. (2003)
Impacts of children with troubles on working poor families: Experimental and mixed methods evidence
Mental Retardation, 41(6): 403-419
Description: Mixed methods experimental study examining the differences in family routine difficulty as a function of troubled children
Keywords: mixed methods, analysis

Daley, Tamara, & Weisner, Thomas S. (2003)
"I speak a different dialect": Teen explanatory models of difference and disability
Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 17(1): 25-48
Description: Elicited explanatory models from adolescents with varied cognitive disabilities and delay to better understand their personal experiences
Keywords: mixed methods, explanatory models, qualitative

Duncan, Greg, Huston, Aletha, & Weisner, Thomas (2007)
Higher Ground: New Hope for the working poor and their children
New York: Russell Sage Foundation
Description: Describes an experimental program that boosted employment among the city’s poor while reducing poverty and improving children’s lives.
Keywords: mixed methods, design, analysis, policy

Lowe, E. Weisner, T., Geis, S. & Huston, A (2005)
Child Care Instability and the Effort to Sustain a Working Daily Routine: Evidence from the New Hope Ethnographic Study of Low-Income Families
Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, In C. Cooper, C. Garcia-Coll, T. Bartko, H. Davis, C. Chatman, Eds. Hills of Gold. Pp. 121-144 Diverse Pathways Through Middle Childhood
Description: Examines specific features of family ecology to track changes in child care through intensive ethnographic methods
Keywords: mixed methods, design, analysis

Tolman, Deborah L. & Szalacha, Laura A. (1999)
Dimensions of Desire: Bridging Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in a Study of Female Adolescent Sexuality
Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23: 7-39
Description: Illustrates how feminist psychology research can bridge qual and quant methods while keeping lived experience as the center of inquiry. A qualitative analyis of interview data is distinguised via quant methods to explore differences in urban and suburban experiences with respect to reported sexual violation. A second qual approach more deeply explores the interaction of location reported violation.
Keywords: mixed methods, experience sampling, feminist psychology, adolescence, sexuality

Weisner, T. S., Ryan, G., Reese, L., Kroesen, K., Bernheimer, L., and Gallimore, R. (2001)
Behavior sampling and ethnography: Complementary methods for understanding home-school connections among Latino immigrant families
Field Methods, 13(1): 20-46
Description: Used ethnography and experience-sampling methods to study the relations between home activities and school achievement in a sample of low-income Latino immigrant families and their 10-11 year-old children at risk for low school achievement
Keywords: mixed methods, experience sampling, analysis

Weisner, Thomas S. (Ed.) (2005)
Discovering successful pathways in children's development: New methods in the study of childhood and family life.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Description: Variety of chapters illustrating the value of qual, quant, and ethnographic methods
Keywords: mixed methods, design, analysis, writing

Yoshikawa, Hiro, Weisner, Thomas S., & Lowe, Edward (Eds.) (2006)
Making it work: Low-wage employment, family life, and child development
New York: Russell Sage Foundation
Description: Looks past the economic statistics to illustrate how different employment trajectories affect the social and emotional lives of poor women and their children.
Keywords: mixed methods, design, analysis, policy

Sampling

Collins, Kathleen M. T., Onwuegbuzie, Anthony J., & Jiao, Qun G. (2007)(2007)
A mixed methods investigation of mixed methods sampling designs in social and health science research
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(3), 267-294
Description: Presents a two-dimensional model (time orientation—concurrent vs. sequential and the relationship between the qualitative and quantitative samples—identical, nested, multilevel, and parallel) for classifying mixed methods studies sampling designs. Presents and discusses findings from the distribution of 121 studies into the model and the relative appropriateness of the employed strategy.
Key Words: sampling, sample size, representativeness, generalization, validity

Teddlie, Charles, & Yu, Fen (2007)
Mixed methods sampling: A typology with examples
Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1): 77-100
Description: Discusses mixed methods sampling techniques in creative and effective ways.
Keywords: mixed methods, sampling

Trochin, M. K. (2006)
Sampling
www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/sampling.php,
Description: Introduction and discussion of various sampling approaches
Keywords: sampling

Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Tools

Fielding, Nigel & Lee, Ray M. (1998)
Managing Data in CAQDAS
Chapter 4 in Fielding & Lee, Computer Analysis and Qualitative Research, pp. 86-118.
Description: A thorough narrative discussion of the use and issue related to computer assisted qualitative data analysis.
Keywords: coding, CAQDAS, qualitative

NVivo Quick Start Guide (2008)
NVivo Getting Started Guide
QSR International
Description: Introduction and orientation to the basic use of the NVivo software as provided by the software developer and distributer
Keywords: qualitative, CAQDAS, analysis

Weitzman, Eben A. & Miles, Matthew B. (1995)
How to Choose Software: Key Questions
Chapter 2 in Weitzman & Miles, A Software Sourcebook: Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis, pp. 9-15. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Description: Practical guide to the decisions in choosing software or other technologies to assist in the management and analysis of qualitative data
Keywords: qualitative, CAQDAS, software

Weitzman, Eben A. & Miles, Matthew B. (1995)
Software Types and Functions
Chapter 3 in Weitzman & Miles, A Software Sourcebook: Computer Programs for Qualitative Data Analysis, pp. 16-22. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications
Description: Review and discussion of the key tasks that technologies can assist for researchers and research teams conducting qualitative data analysis
Keywords: qualitative, CAQDAS, software